A Brief History of Women in Higher Education

A Brief History of Women in Higher Education While more women than men have attended college in the U.S. since the late 1970s, female students were largely prevented from pursuing higher education until the 19th century. Before then, female seminaries were the primary alternative for women who wished to earn a higher degree. But women’s rights activists fought for higher education for female students, and college campuses turned out to be fertile ground for gender equality activism. Female Grads During the 17th and 18th Centuries Before the formal desegregation of mens and womens higher education, a small number of women graduated from universities. Most were from wealthy or well-educated families, and the oldest examples of such women can be found in Europe. Juliana Morell earned a law doctorate in Spain in 1608.Anna Maria van Schurman attended the university at Utrecht, Netherlands, in 1636.Ursula Agricola and Maria Jonae Palmgren were admitted to college in Sweden in 1644.Elena Cornaro Piscopia earned a doctor of philosophy degree at the University of Padua, Italy, in 1678.Laura Bassi earned a doctor of philosophy degree at the University of Bologna, Italy, in 1732, and then became the first woman to teach in an official capacity at any European University.Cristina Roccati received a university degree in Italy in 1751.Aurora Liljenroth graduated from college in Sweden in 1788, the first woman to do so. U.S. Seminaries Educated Women in the 1700s In 1742, the Bethlehem Female Seminary was established in Germantown, Pennsylvania, becoming the first institute of higher education for women in the United States. It was founded by the Countess Benigna von Zinzendorf, daughter of Count Nicholas von Zinzendorf, under his sponsorship. She was only 17 years old at the time.  In 1863, the state officially recognized the institution as a college and the college was then permitted to issue bachelor’s degrees. In 1913, the college was renamed the Moravian Seminary and College for Women, and, later, the institution became co-educational. Thirty years after Bethlehem opened, the Moravian sisters founded Salem College in North Carolina. It since became the Salem Female Academy and is still open today. Womens Higher Ed at the Turn of the 18th Century In 1792, Sarah Pierce founded the Litchfield Female Academy in Connecticut. The Rev. Lyman Beecher (father of Catherine Beecher, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Isabella Beecher Hooker) was among the lecturers at the school, part of the republican motherhood ideological trend. The school focused on educating women so that they could be responsible for raising an educated citizenry. Eleven years after Litchfield was established, Bradford Academy in Bradford, Massachusetts, began admitting women. Fourteen men and 37 women graduated in the first class of students. In 1837, the school changed its focus to only admit women.   Options for Women During the 1820s In 1821, Clinton Female Seminary opened; it would later merge into the Georgia Female College. Two years later, Catharine Beecher founded the Hartford Female Seminary, but the school did not survive beyond the 19th century. Beechers sister, writer Harriet Beecher Stowe, was a student at Hartford Female Seminary and later a teacher there.  Fanny Fern, a children’s author, and newspaper columnist, also graduated from Hartford. Lindon Wood School for Girls was founded in 1827 and continued as Lindenwood University. This was the first school of higher education for women that was located west of the Mississippi. The next year, Zilpah Grant founded Ipswich Academy, with Mary Lyon as an early principal. The purpose of the school was to prepare young women to be missionaries and teachers. The school took the name Ipswich Female Seminary in 1848 and operated until 1876. In 1834, Mary Lyon established the Wheaton Female Seminary in Norton, Massachusetts. She then started the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, Massachusetts, in 1837. Mount Holyoke received a collegiate charter in 1888, and today the schools are known as Wheaton College and Mount Holyoke College. Schools for Female Students During the 1830s Columbia Female Academy opened in 1833. It later became a full college and exists today as Stephens College. Now called Wesleyan, Georgia Female College was created in 1836 specifically so women could earn bachelor’s degrees. The following year, St. Mary’s Hall was founded in New Jersey as a female seminary. It is today a pre-K through high school named Doane Academy. More Inclusive Higher Ed From the 1850s Onward In 1849, Elizabeth Blackwell graduated from Geneva Medical College in Geneva, New York. She was the first woman in America admitted to a medical school and the first in the United States to receive a medical degree. The next year, Lucy Sessions made history when she graduated with a literary degree from Oberlin College in Ohio. She became the First African-American female college graduate. Oberlin was founded in 1833 and admitted four women as full students in 1837.  Only a few years later, more than a third (but less than half) of the student body were women. After Sessions earned her history-making degree from Oberlin, Mary Jane Patterson, in 1862, became the first African-American woman to earn a bachelors degree. Higher education opportunities for women really expanded during the late 1800s. The Ivy League colleges had been solely available to male students, but companion colleges for women, known as the Seven Sisters, were founded from 1837 to 1889.

What Democracy Means to You - Sample Essay, Reply and Blog

What Democracy Means to You - Sample Essay, Reply and BlogWhat Democracy Means to You: Sample Essay, Reply and Blog are a non-profit website that was launched by M. Benard Salter to educate the public about what democracy means to you. The site takes on the roles of a press release, a publication or an online publication. It has many original and interesting articles, articles that will help you on your way in the world of education. The best part is, there are no subscription charges associated with the site.The Editor of the site, M. Benard Salter, offers free samples on the site of various topics such as the Republic, the Federal Union, what Democracy means to you and some other interesting topics. At the end of each article, there is a link that leads you to the comment section where you can post your own opinion. The only information that you need to be aware of is your email address. M. Benard Salter also has a blog at her site that is not linked in the article portion of the s ite.What Democracy Means to You: Sample Essay, Reply and Blog are an informative site for students and non-students alike. The content on the site is very readable and easy to understand and at the same time, it provides a look into the core values of the United States of America.When it comes to the content of What Democracy Means to You, Sample Essay, Reply and Blog, you will be amazed at the number of topics that are covered in each article. You will find articles like The Difference Between Government and Society, American Values and American Society, American Institutions and Culture, What Democracy Means to You, American Nationalism and The Code of Civility, American Constitutionalism and Judicial Role in Policymaking and International Context, Democracy and Education, Social Contract Theory and Administrative Theory and Clausewitzian Business Model and Political Economyof a Technological Democracy. There are also articles on religious freedom, sexism, drug abuse, crime, welfa re, immigration, religion, social security, affirmative action, abortion, racism, and class warfare.The scope of What Democracy Means to You, Sample Essay, Reply and Blog is vast and therefore, you will always find a topic that will interest you. If you are interested in politics, the topics on this site are based on the topic of politics and provide insight on the most basic forms of government. On the other hand, if you are interested in history, there are many articles on historical events and topics as well as on American culture and society. If you are interested in religion, there are articles on Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and Judaism.In addition to the topics, What Democracy Means to You, Sample Essay, Reply and Blog also offers essays on political ethics, ethical issues and morality, who should govern and what it means to govern, the role of government in society, how to govern, democratic government, constitutional government, power, government and its role in society, what constitutes a government, etc. All of these essays are based on the concepts that are central to democratic government and the notion of the United States of America as a republic and will give you a deeper understanding of what it means to be a citizen of a free and open society.The motto of What Democracy Means to You, Sample Essay, Reply and Blog is, 'Education is the greatest wealth we have, and nothing is worth having without being educated.' You can visit the site online at your leisure and view the different subjects offered. However, the site only provides an overview of all the topics offered and does not provide the detailed explanations and comments that you would find on a forum for discussion.